| 1919 Polish coup d'état attempt in Lithuania | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Polish Military Organization (PMO), branch in Lithuania | Forces loyal to the Lithuanian Government | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Many PMO members in Lithuania arrested, 117 put on trial | |||||||
The Polish coup d'état attempt in Lithuania refers to a failed attempt by Józef Piłsudski to overthrow the existing government of Lithuania, led by Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius, and install a more pro-Polish cabinet that would agree to a union with Poland. The coup d'etat was to be carried out by the Polish Military Organization (PMO) and planned to be implemented in August 1919.[1] The coup was designed to portray the coup as an initiative by local Lithuanians to free their government of German influence. The PMO hoped to rely on the assistance of sympathetic Lithuanian activists. They were thwarted by the lack of cooperation and the unwillingness of these activists to join the Polish cause, who in some cases were even unaware of their designated roles in the planned coup. After the Sejny Uprising, Lithuanian intelligence intensified its investigation and uncovered the planned coup. The Lithuanians, not knowing who belonged to the PMO, arrested various Polish activists and prevented the coup attempt. Later the full membership list was obtained and the PMO in Lithuania was dissolved. The coup further strained Polish–Lithuanian relations.
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Earlier Poland and Lithuania formed one state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the Union of Lublin in 1569 to the Third Partition in 1795. Both Poland and Lithuania regained their independence in the aftermath of World War I, but soon became engaged in territorial disputes over the Suwałki and Vilnius Regions. During the Polish–Soviet War, Poland launched an offensive against the Soviet Union and captured Vilnius (Wilno) during the Vilna offensive in April 1919. Lithuanians claimed Vilnius as their historical capital and integral part of the ethnographic Lithuania, while Poles saw it as a Polish city with large Polish population. Poland's Chief of State Józef Piłsudski sought a union with Lithuania in hopes of reviving the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (see Międzymorze federation).[2] The Lithuanians believed they would lose their sovereignty under the proposed federation scheme and wanted their own national state.[3] Polish–Lithuanian relations were not immediately hostile, but grew worse as each side refused to compromise.
As tensions rose, the Allied Supreme Council drew two demarcation lines to prevent open hostilities in June and July 1919. However, Poland ignored both lines and advanced deeper into the Lithuanian-controlled territory.[4] Faced with pressure from the Entente, Polish Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, who was significantly involved in planning of the coup,[5] did not want open Polish–Lithuanian hostilities, which could led to much bloodshed and even more tensions between Poland and Lithuania. Instead he thought there were enough Polish sympathizers in Lithuania to stage a coup d'etat that would topple the government of Lithuania.[6]
The planning began mid-July, 1919.[7] At the time Poland signed a ceasefire in the Polish–Ukrainian War; Lithuania was invaded by the Bermontians from the north[7] and the Saxon Volunteers were leaving the Lithuanian Army.[8] On July 31, Piłsudski and Leon Wasilewski arrived to Vilnius, then controlled by Poland. Piłsudski's visit had no clear explanation.[9] He later claimed that he arrived to negotiate with Lithuanians, led by Augustinas Voldemaras,[10] while Lithuanian historian Vytautas Lesčius suggests he was holding talks with pro-Polish estate owners from the Vilnius Region.[7] On August 3, Wasilewski arrived to Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania, to negotiate with Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius. The Polish mission declared that Poland had no plans to annex Lithuania and proposed a plebiscite in the contested territories, allowing local inhabitants to determine their future.[11] The Lithuanians replied that the disputed territories were an integral part of Lithuania and rejected plebiscite ideas.[11] Negotiations broke down and Wasilewski left Kaunas on August 7. The negotiations were also used to evaluate viability of the coup, preparedness of PMO, and attitude of Lithuanian diplomats towards a union with Poland.[12][13]
After the failed Wasilewski's mission, Polish newspapers increased their anti-Lithuanian propaganda.[14] They claimed that the Council of Lithuania is a pro-German puppet, ignoring popular wishes for a union with Poland as such union would break German influence in the state.[15] The Polish media further reported on growing anti-government sentiment among the Lithuanians.[15] This information was inline with the Polish plans to present the coup as an initiative of local population to "free" Lithuania from German domination.[16] While the plotters counted on military intervention by regular Polish troops,[17] the Polish government would maintain it had not inspired the coup.[16] The official goal of the Polish plan was to "1) create an independent Lithuania, powerful, truly democratic, connected voluntarily with Poland in a union, with as much internal autonomy as possible and 2) acceptance of the Polish minority in Lithuania as a partner in the Lithuanian government and recognition of the Polish language as equal to the Lithuanian language in Lithuania."[18]
PMO recruited Lithuanian activists Stanisław Narutowicz, Juozas Gabrys, Jurgis Aukštuolaitis, and Klemensas Vaitiekūnas.[19] On August 20–22, 1919, Wasilewski and Tadeusz Kasprzycki together with Narutowicz and Aukštuolaitis planned out the coup details.[20] During the coup, scheduled for the night from August 28 to 29,[20] the rebels would capture Kaunas and hold it until "invited" Polish regular units arrived to the city. The Council of Lithuania and the Lithuanian government would be deposed and replaced by a pro-Polish cabinet. General Silvestras Žukauskas would be installed as a military dictator of the new Lithuanian government, with Aukštuolaitis as his second-in-command and Narutowicz as the head of the civilian government.[21] General Žukauskas, then chief commander of the Lithuanian forces, was not aware of the coup, but was known for his generally friendly attitude towards Poland and was expected to support its aftermath.[22] Other posts were reserved for Mykolas Biržiška, Jonas Vileišis, Steponas Kairys, Juozas Tūbelis and others, similarly unaware of the coup.[20] Aukštuolaitis was given 800,000 and promised another 300,000 German marks to finance the coup.[23]
Eventually, the uprising was doomed by poor communication and the overeagerness of some of the PMO activists. Piłsudski failed to discourage local PMO activists from carrying out the Sejny Uprising in the Suwałki Region. The local PMO disregarded his recommendations and launched the uprising, which while locally successful, led to the failure of the nationwide coup.[6] PMO members in Lithuania stated that the Sejny uprising had damaged their reputation, and many of its former supporters rejected calls by PMO recruiters.[24]
The initial coup was postponed to September 1, 1919. However, some PMO units began their actions (cutting telegraph wires, damaging railways, etc.) as scheduled previously – on the night of August 27 to 28.[25] The Lithuanian intelligence intercepted and decoded the order to delay the coup.[25] They had known before that Poles were plotting, but did not know who and when. The Lithuanian government was informed about the cut telegraph wires and intercepted order in the morning of August 28. However, the government did not consider the threat real and did not take appropriate action.[26]
A group of 18 Lithuanian Army officers, with tacit approval from Sleževičius, took the initiative.[26] Afraid that PMO members infiltrated the military, they secretly decided to begin mass arrests of Polish supporters on the night from August 28 to 29.[26] Since they did not know who exactly was behind the conspiracy, the Lithuanians arrested more prominent Polish activists in Kaunas. The first night saw arrests of several dozens of Poles, including Aukštuolaitis and 23 Polish officers serving in the Lithuanian Army. By the second night the number of arrested Poles grew to 200.[26] Kaunas was declared under the state of siege. Polish press saw mass arrests of Polish activists "to whom no charge can be ascribed other than being Poles" as proof of systematic anti-Polish policies of the German-ridden Lithuanian government.[16]
Because the Lithuanians did not have a list of PMO members, they did not arrest the main leaders.[24] Also, provincial PMO branches remained intact. Therefore, on September 17, 1919, new orders were issued scheduling the second coup attempt for the end of September.[24] This attempt was also discovered. A Lithuanian woman succeeded in convincing Petras Vrubliauskas, PMO deputy commander in Vilnius, to transfer PMO document archive to the Lithuanians.[24] On September 21, the Lithuanians obtained a full list of PMO members and supporters, who were arrested in the following days.[27] PMO branch in Lithuania was liquidated and ceased to function.
The Lithuanians charged 117 persons during a military trial on December 11–24, 1920.[28] Six leaders received life sentences. Other sentences ranged from 15 years to 8 months in prison. At least 15 individuals were acquitted. By 1928 there no PMO members in Lithuanian prisons: some were exchanged for Lithuanian prisoners or released early.[28] General Žukauskas was removed from his post as the commander of the Lithuanian Army and had to battle the perceived friendliness to Poland for much of his further career.[5] The Polish government initially denied that there was any coup; later it admitted that locals planned an uprising, but claimed it had no part in it.[16] The coup further strained the Polish–Lithuanian relations, making Lithuanians even more uncompromising and afraid of Polish annexation.[29]
The planned coup was criticized by historians as unrealistic. Piłsudski's plan was based on false assumptions and faulty intelligence, which incorrectly indicated that the Sleževičius government was deeply unpopular, and that the general Lithuanian population was relatively friendly to Poland.[30] No notable ethnic Lithuanian politicians declared support for the plan; the plan relied on support from General Žukauskas, but his support was never confirmed; Narutowicz, who was to head the civilian government, was a Pole; the PMO was weak and incapable of taking control if the coup met any significant resistance; and intervention of the Polish army would have led to bloodshed and undermined the idea of a voluntary union or alliance with Poland.[18] The only group that supported the coup was the Polish minority in Lithuania, increasingly alienated by Lithuanian government policies.[31] However, according to the Lithuanian census of 1923, the minority constituted only 3.2% of the population outside the Vilnius Region.[32] On the ground, the uprising was doomed by poor communication and the overeagerness of some of the PMO activists.